The R-11 was developed by engineer Viktor Makeev, who was then working in the OKB-1, headed by Sergey Korolev. The first of the "Scud" series, designated R-11 (SS-1B Scud-A) originated in a 1951 requirement for a ballistic missile with similar performance to the German V-2 rocket. The missile reaches a maximum speed of Mach 5. They are propelled by a single liquid-fuel rocket engine burning kerosene and corrosion-inhibited red fuming nitric acid (IRFNA) with unsymmetrical dimethylhydrazine (UDMH, Russian TG-02 like German Tonka 250) as liquid igniter (self-ignition with IRFNA) in all models. The SS-1e Scud-D variant developed in the 1980s can deliver a terminally guided warhead capable of greater precision. įurther developed variants were the R-17 (later R-300) Elbrus / SS-1c Scud-B in 1961 and the SS-1d Scud-C in 1965, both of which could carry either a conventional high-explosive, a 5- to 80-kiloton thermonuclear, or a chemical (thickened VX) warhead. Far simpler than the V-2's multi-chamber design, and employing an anti-oscillation baffle to prevent chugging, it was a forerunner to the larger engines used in Soviet launch vehicles. The most revolutionary innovation in the R-11 was the engine, designed by A. The R-11 was developed by the Korolyev OKB and entered service in 1957. The R-11 used technology gained from the V-2 as well, but was a new design, smaller and differently shaped than the V-2 and R-1 weapons. The earlier R-1 missile had carried the NATO name SS-1 Scunner, but was of a very different design, almost directly a copy of the German V-2 rocket. The first use of the term Scud was in the NATO name SS-1b Scud-A, applied to the R-11 Zemlya ballistic missile. MAZ-543 (9P117) Launcher with 8K14 rocket of 9K72 missile complex "Elbrus" (Scud B), Saint-Petersburg Artillery Museum, Russia. In Russian service it is being replaced by the 9K720 Iskander. They became familiar to the Western public during the 1991 Persian Gulf War, when Iraq fired dozens at Israel and Saudi Arabia. Scud missiles have been used in combat since the 1970s, mostly in wars in the Middle East. The name Scud has been widely used to refer to these missiles and the wide variety of derivative variants developed in other countries based on the Soviet design. The Russian names for the missile are the R-11 (the first version), and the R-17 (later R-300) Elbrus (later developments). The term comes from the NATO reporting name attached to the missile by Western intelligence agencies. It was exported widely to both Second and Third World countries. Inertial guidance, Scud-D adds DSMAC terminal guidanceĪ Scud missile is one of a series of tactical ballistic missiles developed by the Soviet Union during the Cold War.
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